Yes, your understanding is correct. I haven’t attended the course. However, the intermediate neurons in the hidden layer learns the abstract features (technically, it transforms the input features). Interpreting the abstract features learned by the intermediate layers is hard. I suppose the names of the artificial features (as you say) mentioned in the slide might be used by the instructor on purpose to motivate beginners.
If you are aware of “Kernel functions” in traditional machine learning, you can think of intermediate layers in NN as learned kernel functions.